Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders part 3

Article on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders section 3 Article on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders section 3 Article on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders part 3Essay on  Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders part 2Violent female wrongdoings involve a little rate contrasted and men, it sums 7-10%. Thought processes of perpetrating violations additionally essentially contrast. Fierce female guilty parties normally carry out wrongdoings due to desire, retribution, jealousy, and want to dispose of the person in question. That is, generally genuinely charged character. Numerous wrongdoings are carried out by ladies based on obviously characterized illegitimate conduct of casualties (â€Å"Gender and Crime Differences Between Male And Female Offending Patterns†, 2004).In ongoing years, there is an expansion of such rough violations perpetrated by ladies as murder and theft. A fascinating truth is that there is additionally an ascent of vicious violations submitted with specific remorselessness, it very well may be clarified by the difference in the social job of ladie s, the devastation of the family coming about with mental uncertainties of ladies, do not have the important child rearing abilities, women’s reliance on different sorts of horrible winning circumstances.Infanticide is the hardship of life of an infant. This class of violations are submitted, most importantly, by young ladies, who are inadequately adjusted to present day life, without any methods for business and homes. Child murder happen frequently in country zones where there isn't sufficient of clinical gear for early conclusion and end of undesirable pregnancies. Certain impacts are brought about by the unavailability of contraceptives, ignorance of young ladies adolescents, absence of basic sex education.Criminological qualities of savage female guilty parties are additionally explicit. When in doubt, there is a prevalence of more seasoned people, contrasted and men, in spite of the way that by and large, lately there has been a restoration of hoodlums. The instructive degree of female guilty parties has consistently been higher than that of male lawbreakers. In any case, there has been noticed a development in number of wrongdoers among people with higher education.These are only a portion of the highlights and contrasts of female culpability. Over the ongoing years there has been a noteworthy increment in complete wrongdoing and female violations. In spite of the distinctions, female guiltiness mirrors the general examples of wrongdoing and its changes. It goes about as a subsystem of general wrongdoing and is naturally connected with it.Discussing female guiltiness, we can't quit referencing their lives in the wake of being sentenced. American jails keep a larger number of individuals than some other nation on the planet. Outline of the sources shows that the most applicable to the United States jail framework are issues of adjustment of convicts in jail, carrying out a punishment sexual orientation issues, just as racial and ethnic showdown in prisons.It ought to be noticed that researchers are effectively considering the procedure of adjustment and versatile conduct of detainees in penitentiaries. Along these lines, Donald Clemmer in his book Prison Community features the wonder of prisonization, ie long haul adjustment to the subculture of detained detainees, and partners it with the goals and estimations of the jail condition. Examining the embodiment of this marvel, D. Clemmer doesn't think about it as an outright power, and interfaces it with the jail rules, guidelines, and worth directions. Thus, he finishes up various capacity to adjust to jail. D. Clemmer accepts that relying upon the estimations of the jail there are contrasts among detainees in the level of adjustment to the jail subculture.Criminologist G. Sykes found that in jail interests in keeping up authority over the majority of the detainees can coordinate among organization and jail pioneers. D. Irwin and D. Cressey were examining reasons for the troub les that brought up in killing the negative impacts of adjustment because of the impact of various worth directions in the criminal gatherings in prison.Analyzing the effect of various qualities on the conduct of detainees, J. Galtung attempts to reveal the ordinary response of detainees to the proportion of the jail subculture. The creator takes note of that the prisoner is effectively looking for contact with different detainees, and stresses the significance of shared solidarity.Hofmann has made an endeavor to uncover the nature and job of intelligent procedures inside the absolute foundations, remembering the accentuation for the potential qualities and industrialism of nature of the connection among staff and prisoners of prison establishments, as these gatherings have various generalizations and live in various social universes. E. Hofmann accepts that jail, similar to some other establishment takes out the all out self, objectives, plans, and positive adjustment among sentenc ed by the securing of new subcultural examples of life in jail. In such manner, he uncovered not just the essential instruments (following getting the chance to prison), yet in addition auxiliary (focused on endurance in jail and turning affected by its subcultures) adjustment of the detainees. Segments of the persuasive circle have noteworthy effect on the adjustment and conduct of the detainees (Langton, Truman, 2014).ConclusionViolence is characterized as: 1) the utilization of physical power to somebody; 2) the utilization of power, constrained effect on somebody, something; 3) the badgering, maltreatment of intensity, rebellious utilization of force.Criminal conduct of ladies has consistently been seen as a less significant issue than male criminal conduct. Verifiably, females will in general carry out minor wrongdoings and have summed just a little amount of the general number of guilty parties. Ten however ladies stay a generally limited quantity everything being equal, there is a pattern in rising measure of female guilty parties, their interest in wrongdoings associated with brutal, and have repressed the expansion of sexual orientation explicit projects tending to the problem.During 2012, in the entire nation, law requirement made 12,196,959 captures (petty criminal offenses are excluded), 26.2% of them were of females.In 2010, courts with adolescent ward held an expected 1,368,200 law-breaking cases in 2010, 28% of them were with female wrongdoers. All in all, female misconduct caseload raised at a normal pace of 2 percent for each year somewhere in the range of 1985 and 2010, while the normal rate expanded for under 1 percent for each year for guys. The quantity of female convicts expanded by 10.9% between midyear 2010 and 2013. In same period, the male detainee populace declined for 4.2% (Carson, 2014).There are a few hypotheses that legitimize the build-up of female guiltiness to male culpability. The majority of them are of chronicled intrigue a s it were. A. Quetelet clarified less guiltiness of ladies by their physical shortcoming, yet in addition by the separation from open life, shut around of family duties. Notwithstanding, with the consideration of more ladies in open life and expert exercises, just as in times of increasing wrongdoing, the extent of female wrongdoing in the general mass has consistently remained small.Another clarification for this wonder has been recommended by delegates of the anthropological school C. Lombroso. Lower power of female culpability is related with the idiosyncrasies of the female body and nature, partly with her organic immaturity.Most ladies have dominative characteristics that forestall the commission of wrongdoings, since the inspiration of female conduct is typically connected with the family. They are insurance of the family, the government assistance, physical and mental solace of the family. For this situation, obligation regarding the family is frequently additionally done by a lady. In view of these reasons, the life of a lady is somewhat contradictory with crime, since she knows about her obligation regarding kids, for the honesty and government assistance of the family. Survivors of brutal violations carried out by ladies, when in doubt, are spouses, flat mates, kids and close family members, which is likewise associated with a reality that ladies are more appended to the family than men.In general, thinking about the issue of explicitness of female culpability, we ought to continue from the reason that any criminal conduct, paying little heed to who carries out it, is social and authentic wonder, the subjective highlights of which are reflected in the social space. Hence, sexual orientation contrasts of violations ought to be viewed as dependent on the attributes of culture.Disparity in the treatment of lawbreakers associated with the arrangement of criminal equity has been the subject of a generous number of examination over the previous decades. Pr esumably, the most convincing proof of difference is found in the socioeconomics among the convicts in government and state penitentiaries in the United States. Most detainees in our countries jails are men, for the most part dark or Hispanic. These variations in paces of detainment, which have been noted for over three decades, have made specialists to concentrate on the condemning phase of criminal equity process. They additionally have driven policymakers look for courses so as to compel legal caution while sentencing.There are two musings on the issue if criminal equity framework has a sexual orientation predisposition and if people are dealt with contrastingly in courts and police.The initial one is valor theory, where gallantry is rewarding others, for the most part ladies with politeness, regard and compassion. As per valor hypothesis ladies are dealt with all the more permissively by the arrangement of criminal equity than men. Male gallantry implies that frequently police a re less inclined to charge females, and courts will in general give them a lighter sentence, even in circumstances when they have carried out indistinguishable violations from men.The second hypothesis is called twofold aberrance hypothesis. As indicated by this hypothesis, criminal equity framework treats ladies all the more cruelly in light of the fact that they are blameworthy of being doubly degenerate. They strayed from standards acknowledged by society by overstepping the law and, simultaneously, digressed from sexual orientation standards, which tell how lady ought to behave.M

Impact of Mental Health Act 2007 on Children

Effect of Mental Health Act 2007 on Children The changes brought into the Mental Health Act 1983 by the Mental Health Act 2007, revising s.131 of the 1983 Act, corresponding to the casual affirmation of 16 and multi year olds is, finally, a positive development and goes some approach to tending to an inadmissible inability to perceive the privilege to self-governance of a skilled kid. Basically dissect this announcement with respect to the law identifying with the clinical treatment of youngsters. Presentation So as to dissect whether the Mental Health Act 2007 has given new rights to kids in regard of self-rule it is important to inspect the manner by which kids were treated before the presentation of the Act. In doing this it will be important to analyze the different Acts that have been actualized and the substance of these as to the privileges of youngsters. It is would have liked to have the option to reach an inference from the examination with respect to the viability of the 2007 Act in permitting kids to have the option to settle on choices about their own clinical treatment. Agree to treatment Agree to clinical treatment is established on the guideline of the regard for independence, which has been included in Article 5 and Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998. Numerous specialists are of the supposition that there is a legitimate necessity for agree to clinical treatment (Kessel, 1994). Educated assent has become an issue following a few bodies of evidence against specialists on charges of carelessness and battery (Faden and Beauchamp, 1986). Supporters of the Human Rights Act 1998 accept that develop minors ought to be secured under the privilege to a private life and ought to have the option to demand not having their desires abrogated (Hagger, 2003). Tolerant self-rule has been the driving force behind administrative changes according to the issue of assent. Faden and Beauchamp (1986) accepted that the point of the procedure of agree is to permit the patient the most extreme chance to arrive at a self-governing choice. They accepted this could likewise be accomplished by influence through persuading the patient of the advantages of the treatment by speaking to their feeling of reason. Globally the Nuremberg Code 1947 and the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki 1964 have endeavored to build tolerant self-governance, especially with respect to clinical research. The Human Rights Act 1998 has likewise expanded the privileges of self-rule which impacts on grown-up patients as well as on young people who are esteemed to be equipped to settle on such choices (Hewson, 2000). As far as enactment on the issue of self-sufficiency the Family Law Reform Act 1991 was established to give 16 and multi year old a more noteworthy level of independence over their treatment. Fundamentally the idea of the Act was that an individual in the specified age range would be qualified for choose whether or not to acknowledge the treatment advertised. Sadly there was a hesitance to give full self-rule to teenagers thus so as to permit a level of parental control s8(3) of the Act was embedded which expressed that ‘nothing in this segment will be translated as making insufficient any assent which would have been viable had the area not been enacted’. This adequately permitted a parent to even now give assent with respect to the juvenile on the off chance that they denied the treatment. The Mental Health Act 1983 did little to help with self-governance particularly when comparable to the self-governance of a kid. Under this Act guardians or carers of youngsters with mental scatters were given even less self-rule then under the past enactment. Under the 1983 Act the ability of the patient was significantly progressively hard to set up in situations where the patient was experiencing a psychological issue. It was seen that such a turmoil was probably going to prompt the patient being less ready to choose whether the treatment would be useful to them. The Mental Health Act 1983 Code of Practice respects parental expert for treatment and confinement adequate independent if the fitness of the kid (Department of Health and Welsh Office, 1999). In 1989 the Children Act endeavored to give a youngster a level of self-sufficiency by giving them restricted rights to decline clinical treatment. Be that as it may, the courts were told to see the refusal of the kid in accordance with the professional’s impression of the eventual benefits of the youngster. This adequately implied a specialist could supersede the desires of the youngster on the off chance that he had the option to show that the treatment would profit the kid. Comparative endeavors at expanding self-sufficiency were contained inside the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1991 which expressed that kids ought to have a similar nobility and privileges of a grown-up when settling on a choice concerning their treatment. Article 12 of the show expresses that ‘†¦the kid who is fit for shaping their own perspectives has the option to communicate those perspectives uninhibitedly in all issues influencing the kid: the perspectives on the youngster being given due weight as per age and development of the kid. the youngster will specifically be furnished with the chance to be heard in any careful or regulatory procedures influencing the kid straightforwardly; or through an agent body. The Convention was, in any case, hesitant to permit all out self-sufficiency and clarified that in spite of the privilege to self-sufficiency kids are reliant on their folks or carers and need security and direction. This generally permits those thinking about a kid who is rejecting treatment to demand the youngster getting the treatment in light of the fact that they are unequipped for settling on their own choices and need the direction of their folks. In 1999 the Department of Health led the Mental Health Act Review in which it suggested the bringing down of the period of limit with respect to dynamic to 16 and embedded an assumption that a kid is viewed as able from the age of 10. Qualification among assent and refusal of treatment While tolerating that there are events when the kid ought to be viewed as skilled to give assent the courts have been hesitant to permit a youngster to decline to treatment. With the goal for agree to be given by a minor the court should be fulfilled that the kid is able enough to have the option to settle on such a choice. This was tried on account of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] in which Lord Scarman decided that the parental option to decide if their youngster beneath the age of 16 will have clinical treatment ends if and when the kid accomplishes an adequate comprehension and insight to empower them to see completely what is proposed . This case prompted the arrangement of the rule of Gillick skill. In surveying the capacity of the youngster to give assent the courts utilize the above case as a measuring stick for deciding the skill of the kid. In spite of the fact that the case referenced above would seem to open the conduits for kids to have the option to attest their privilege with respect to agree to treatment the individuals who are experiencing a psychological issue are probably not going to have the option to depend on this. This was the situation in Re R (A minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) [1991] in which a multi year old who had been admitted to clinic with a presumed insane ailment and who had declined prescription had to get treatment. At the Court of Appeal the adjudicator held that a kid who had a fluctuating mental limit as in the moment case would never be viewed as capable. On account of Re W (A minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) [1992] the court held that a parent’s option to assent was not smothered by the Family Law Reform Act 1969. For this situation a multi year old young lady who was experiencing anorexia nervosa was rejecting treatment for her condition. Case law with respect to the habitual treatment is at a difference to the treatment of grown-ups. A capable grown-up is qualified for decline clinical treatment regardless of whether the purpose behind the refusal is silly. A capable grown-up can likewise reject treatment with no particular purpose behind declining as was exhibited in Sidaway v Governors of Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985]. There have additionally been events where grown-ups who have been kept under the Mental Health Act 1983 have not been viewed as completely inept. This was held to be the situation in Re C (Adult: Refusal of treatment) [1994] in which the patient who was schizophrenic wouldn't have his foot cut off regardless of the way that it was gangrenous and that by not having it evacuated all things considered, he would bite the dust. In this specific case the patient acknowledged a less obtrusive treatment which brought about the foot coming back to ordinary without the need to sever. It very well may be finished up from the over that inside English law a minor has the privilege to agree to treatment however is denied the option to deny treatment. One of the significant concerns communicated by specialists with respect to the refusal of treatment is that the pith of clinical assessment is that they are required as specialists to act to the greatest advantage of their patient. Permitting the patient to reject treatment denies the specialists the option to act in the patient’s eventual benefits. Test for ability The British Medical Association close by the Law Society (1995) distributed rules to help with deciding the ability of a youngster. Appraisals depend on the deciding if the kid comprehends the decisions accessible, the outcomes of every one of those decisions and that they can settle on those decisions. The individual doing the evaluation ought to guarantee that the youngster has not been forced to settle on the decision they are making. Most specialists will consider the judiciousness of the choice made by the youngster, anyway they ought to think about these decisions in setting of the feelings of the gatherings, their experience and the social setting (Dickenson, 1994; Rushforth, 1999). The development of the youngster has additionally been a main factor in the appraisal of ability. Kids

Tips for Men on Growing Intimacy in Marriage

Tips for Men on Growing Intimacy in Marriage Relationships Spouses & Partners Print Tips for Men on Growing Intimacy in Marriage By Wayne Parker Waynes background in life coaching along with his work helping organizations to build family-friendly policies, gives him a unique perspective on fathering. Learn about our editorial policy Wayne Parker Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on January 28, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD Updated on February 04, 2020  Gilaxia /Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Emotional intimacy is a key component to a healthy marriage.  When emotional intimacy is lacking, a marriage can suffer.  Maintaining emotional intimacy requires work and attention. Restoring emotional intimacy after it is lost can be a lot tougher than working hard to preserve it along the way.?? 1:50 Questions and Tips For Building Intimacy In Your Relationship Defining Emotional Intimacy Emotional intimacy is generally defined as a closeness in which both partners feel secure and loved and in which trust and communication abound.??  When you are emotionally intimate with your spouse, you may feel as if you can see into the other’s soul, knowing their hopes, dreams, and fears and understanding them at a deep level.  Relationships that lack emotional intimacy are often characterized by a lack of trust, poor communication, secrets, and hidden emotions. Recognizing a Lack of Emotional Intimacy Sometimes, couples dont develop emotional intimacy in the first place or lose it after a while. Ideally, both partners will work on maintaining and building intimacy. Its important to recognize your part in building emotional intimacy and being emotionally available.?? Often, couples dont recognize the signs when emotional intimacy is lacking. For example, a spouse may be blindsided when a husband announces that they want to leave the marriage.  Looking back more closely over the years of their marriage, they may recall times when there was an emotional distance between them. How to Increase Intimacy in Your Marriage If your marriage seems to be lacking in emotional intimacy, there are a number of things that you and your partner can do to strengthen and deepen emotional intimacy.?? Silence the Electronics   Deep and meaningful emotional intimacy in a relationship depends on the quality of human interaction.  Texting and emailing are important ways for you to get practical things done and to stay in touch when you are apart and too busy to talk. Consider turning off the computer, television, video game console, cell phone, and tablet when you are together and spend some time talking, sharing, and looking each other in the eye.  One tool that many successful couples use is silencing their cell phones and dropping them in a little basket or box by the door as they come home  and agreeing to leave them off for at least an hour or two when they are together. Electronic communication can be a barrier to real emotional intimacy. Work emails, social media, and entertainment can be never-ending and easily grow into distracting habits that interfere with your solid, human, one-on-one interaction.   Increase Your Time Spent Together It can be hard to find time together as a couple.  Having children in the home can often magnify that difficulty.  One family therapist shared the idea of committing 30 minutes each evening to uninterrupted time with a spouse after the kids are in bed. Take care of tasks together, like dishes and grocery shopping, so that things can get done faster and you can spend more time together as partners. Similarly, having a cup of coffee together at a set time every weekend so that can help you feel relaxed and able to engage in good conversation.   A weekly date night, lunch  together once or twice a week, or regular walks around your neighborhood can increase the time you spend together.  Making time to focus on each other without the kids or other distractions is critical to maintaining emotional intimacy. Be Emotionally Available for Your Spouse After years together, couples inevitably learn what might hurt their partners. Kind and loving partners who avoid hurting each other help each other feel loved, valued, and safe.  When we make the environment safe for our spouses, emotional intimacy finds its place. Unfortunately, many people have experienced hostility from those who they trusted, felt unloved, or learned bad relationship habits. If you have a habit of belittling or emotionally attacking those who are close to you, these habits will sabotage intimacy, creating a wall in your marriage.?? Read a Good Book Together Reading a book together and discussing what you are reading can be a good vehicle for increasing emotional intimacy.  There are some great books about strengthening marriage that you can read together, but you can also choose a novel, biography, or a book about a common interest.  The fact that you are reading together and talking about what you read can strengthen the trust and communication aspects of emotional intimacy, giving you a chance to share your feelings and insights without judging each other. Seek a Balance Between Self and the Couple The strongest marriage relationships have two interdependent partners.  Each one has rich hobbies, a professional life, or a social life, and they come together to invest in the marriage relationship.  Too much togetherness can be a bad thing if it deprives the relationship of the energy and experiences that interdependence brings.  So, make sure to engage in some good self-care as a husband and father, and allow your spouse to do the same.  And then come together as a secure and trusting couple. Put Together a Fun List Counselor Dr. Tony Ferretti recommends that couples assemble what a list of things that the couple enjoys doing together, and then carve out time to do the things on the fun list.  Spending time in pursuits you enjoy together can build shared memories and experiences while strengthening emotional intimacy.  Think about things you did when you were dating or newlyweds that made you enjoy time together, and consider putting them on your fun list.  Explore activities that you have always wanted to try. Then make sure that you are doing something on the fun list on a regular basis. Consider Marriage Enrichment Activities Most communities, churches and civic organizations hold marriage enrichment classes or marriage retreats for couples.  A lot of couples find that this kind of investment in their relationship pays big dividends.   Getting into a structured setting with other couples and a professional counselor or clergy can really help develop a deeper and stronger marriage relationship.  This kind of focused commitment to improving emotional intimacy can be a big investment of time but may bring significant returns.   Get Help When You Need It If you feel your emotional relationship heading downward, you may want to consider seeking help from a family therapist. You may have grown apart, hurt each other without meaning to, avoided intimacy for personal reasons, or become distracted by the demands of life. These problems can often be solved with dedication, time, and sincere attention.?? The Payoff of Emotional Intimacy Having strong emotional bonds in a marriage relationship is important and worth the effort.  Taking some steps in the direction of strengthening emotional intimacy in marriage is a vital thing to do and demonstrates your  commitment to a long, strong and happy marriage.??  And that strong marriage helps you be a better father and man, as well as being an amazing husband.

The United States And The Middle East - 834 Words

For decades, the United States and fellow western nations have been heavily involved with and invested in the Middle East. Geographically, the Middle East region contains a large percentage of the industrialized world’s most prized resource, oil. Throughout this time, the United States has participated in Gulf War I, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, and numerous other contingencies and operations. Most recently, the region fell further into turmoil with the civil unrest and uprising in Syria, the formation of ISIS, and the injection of influence from competing world superpowers. Within this latest conflict, the United States government faces significant challenges to vital national interests due to the high geopolitical stakes in the region. In 2011, Syrian president Bashar al-Assad’s forces opened fire on the civilian population during a peaceful Arab Spring demonstration. Shortly thereafter, the civilian population took up arms and the unrest turned into an armed uprising. Over time, Islamic extremists from around the region joined the uprising while Assad released extremist prisoners predicating the formation of al-Nusra, an al-Qaeda-affiliated jihadist group. As the conflict continued, U.S.-friendly Middle Eastern countries including Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Kuwait began funneling money into Syria to aid the rebel forces. In response to the growing uprising and support from U.S. friendlyShow MoreRelatedThe United States And The Middle East831 Words   |  4 PagesOver the past decade, the Middle East has proven to be a complex quandary that the United States is ultimately unequipped to handle. Before the U.S. can possibly pacify the region, it must first work to conquer obstacles domestically. The U.S. should also recognize the source of conflict in the Middle East and use this knowledge in the future as a foundation for a solution to amity. Thus, the approach th at the United States should employ in regards to the Middle East is to gradually pull out andRead MoreThe United States And The Middle East1245 Words   |  5 Pagesmuch of the United States’ history, affairs in the Middle East have been an important focus. A more recent example is President Barack Obama attempting to deal with the terrorist organization, ISIS, because they are threatening the security of American allies. In the past, multiple other presidents have intervened in Middle Eastern affairs because they believe that doing so would be in the best interest of the United States. The importance of Middle Eastern affairs to the United States during theRead MoreThe United States And The Middle East1351 Words   |  6 Pagesto conceptualize this. The United States has broken into another civil war with all 50 states claiming independence. Your Neighbors, friends, family being killed. You don t have a home because it as blown up. 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By being motivated by whatRead MoreThe United States And The Middle East1653 Words   |  7 Pagesthe past decade, wars and interventions in the Middle East have broken up existing states, fostered sectarianism and destroyed infrastructures, creating the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. After years of revolutionary upheaval, the Arab world s old system is on the verge of collapse. The United States and other countries bear the blame for this emergence and growth of the indigenous movements like the Taliban, AL-Qaeda, and IS. Order in the Middle East has been undermined by corrupt and illegitimateRead MoreUnited States And The Middle East1311 Words   |  6 PagesA Review of United States’ Policy in the Middle East The crux of the institution of government from the untenable state of nature that subsisted in the days gone by was for the protection of life, liberty and property. 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Since then, the tension between the United States and the Middle East has escalated. Based on the attention terrorist attacks receive, stereotypes tend to arise toward Muslim s. Terrorists can be any ethnicity or religion, but typically jihadist terrorists’ gain the most attention in the media and the press. In America, Arabs, Muslims, and Jihadists tend to all get grouped together, even though theyRead MoreThe Conflict Between The United States And The Middle East Essay2176 Words   |  9 PagesThe conflict between the United States and the Middle East is of great concern in the world today because of the heightened tensions in Syria, which is being terrorized by the radical Islamic group called ISIS. ISIS is not only creating conflict in the Middle East, they are also a homeland security threat to the United States because of the fear of terrorist attacks. Scholars and Theorists like Samuel Huntington have addressed the question of why states are experiencing heightened tension and have

Leo Haines. Professor Capozzi. Research Paper. April 29,

Leo Haines Professor Capozzi Research Paper April 29, 2017 Kate Chopin Kate Chopin was a famous author of short stories and articles. Kate was born on February 8, 1850, in St. Louis Missouri, and she grew up speaking English and French. After her husband has passed in 1882, and that is when her writing career launched. In most of her novels and stories her characters are bilingual, also known as fluent in two languages. Kate Chopin using the theme of feminism in her stories, â€Å"The Awakening†, â€Å"The Storm†, and â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† where she illustrates the use of the feminist movement and where she describes women’s sexualaity in her writings. During Kate Chopin’s time, feminism was not much different than it is today. Most feminists†¦show more content†¦The quote demonstrates the feminist theory and that is was thought that all women were oppressed. In this story, marriage seems to be displayed as the male having control of the women. Also, the story gives us the intention that Mrs. Mallard t hought she was not allowed to express her own thoughts, which was probably true. After her husband passes away, she realizes how free she is and transforms into her own individual person. Right after Mrs. Mallard has these deep thoughts, we begin to hear her sister calling her Louise. With her being called by her original name, we can identify that she is now equal to men, and she is her own person instead of being held back as a wife. A second story that portrays the idea of feminism is â€Å"The Awakening†, also by Kate Chopin. Edna, who happens to be the protagonist in the story who is an honorable woman who recognizes not only her desires but as well as her courage. Women who were of the Victorian decent, were believed to act in a certain manner, which is taking care of everyone in the household. Edna desired freedom, and was lived by her close friend who goes by the name of Mademoiselle. During the 19th century, the normal life of a woman consisted of being married, mai ntaining domestic relationships, and carrying a child. The book states that Mr.

Seattle University Essay Free Essays

Why do you feel that Seattle University is a good match with your educational goals? Seattle University’s Jesuit teaching makes this college one of my top choices. My approach to education is eerily similar to Seattle University’s mission statement. I thrive best in an environment that focuses on educating the whole person through academics and spirituality. We will write a custom essay sample on Seattle University Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since faith is a key component of my life, I want an education that views intellect and faith in a complementary way. Combined with Seattle University’s emphasis on community service, I will also learn how to make an impact both locally and globally. As I grow into adulthood I want to push myself. I also want to find new ways to make a difference in my surrounding community. Through Seattle University’s various service programs, I can nurture that goal. Albeit there are many Jesuit universities scattered throughout the country, Seattle University’s Matteo Ricci College of Humanities sets it apart from all others. I am extremely fortunate to attend John F. Kennedy Memorial High School where Matteo Ricci classes are offered. I am currently taking the Public Policy/Social Justice course. The class has uncovered various avenues of critical thinking that I have never considered before. I have discovered more about myself in this one semester than I have in the previous three years of high school. I fit into the groove of Seattle University courses and their well-rounded, introspective distinctiveness. Finally, Seattle is home. I was born and raised in this eccentric city, a city whose culture is reflected by Seattle University’s student body. I prosper in diverse surroundings, because I enjoy being exposed to many different types of people and cultures. I believe there is something to learn from all walks of life. How to cite Seattle University Essay, Essay examples

Reflective Nursing Attitudes And Judgement †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Reflective Nursing Attitudes And Judgement. Answer: Objective: A patient should never become victim of biasnursing care during to his or her age, ethnicity, race or any other irrelevant characteristic. However, implicit associations guide thenursing judgment resulting in bias judgment or attitude towards the patients. Such bias judgments can be characterized under uncontrollable, unconscious or irrational processes. Such implicit biasness also affects the non-verbal behaviour judgments like the physical proximity or frequency of eye contact. Thus bias arising out of racial discrimination changes the overall perspective of judgement, care, attitude and assumption of a nurse towards the patients. It leads to potential dissociation between what the nurses explicitly believes and what she wants to perform (like treat every patient equally) and other hidden influence of negative implicit associations on her actions and thoughts. An example for this is a black patient can be considered to be less competent and thus coming to a conclusion that prescrib ing medication is not a solution (FitzGerald Hurst, 2017). Not only the patients in Canada, but the aboriginal healthcare professionals are also significantly under-represented in Canada (Vukic et al., 2012). Reflective: This bias attitude of the nurses towards their patients or the biasness affecting their judgement towards a particular patient affects the ethos and ethics ofnursing a lot. Because, my institution of thought asks me to abide by a simple rule of quality care that must be equally directed towards all the patients. I believe, in order to give quality care to the patients; nurses must value the diversity of their patient. They must be equally aware of how diverse cultural backgrounds and languages influence the provision ofnursing care and thus must function accordingly. I try to shape my thought process based on the background, gender, ethnicity and education of the people. I never take ethnicity of the educational background as framing up a negative perception about the patient. Like since he is an aboriginal, he or she has not right to get quality care. On contrary, I utilised their gender, ethnicity, cultural and education background as a source to frame my nursing intervention. I ne ver allow race, bias, attitude, judgment, care and assumption to intersect my thoughts when I am delivering care to a patient. For example, a people coming from a poor educational background is not aware of the basic hygiene regime, which are required to be followed in daily life. This lack of hygiene makes them more susceptible to microbial infection. So mere treating them with antibiotic is not enough because they will again become victims of recurrent infection. So giving them proper education about the importance of hygiene regime will be an ideal care plan for maintenance of health lifestyle. For me, the term difference in nursing care means the cultural difference. Under the light of cultural difference, I want to state that the transcultural nursing is an important aspect in health care. The ever-increasing multi-cultural population in Canada cast a major challenge towards the nurses in providing holistic care to individual patients. Nurses are required to understand and then simultaneously appreciate the cultural differences in the grounds of the healthcare values, customs and beliefs. I believe, this can only be achieved via acquiring the skills in the domain of cultural competency. Tolerance must also be there in the domain of nursing and this can be justified under the banner of zero tolerance. Deliberate discourtesy can be detrimental for nursing and it threatens patient safety and the organizational climate. So, there must remain zero tolerance in the grounds of incivility in nursing care (Hoffman Chunta 2015). Interpretive: According to Florence Nightingale, Let whoever is in charge keep this simple question in her head (not, how can I always do this right thing myself, but)how can I provide for this right thing to be always done? (Gorrell, 2013). This statement of Florence is extremely significant in nursing profession. It instructs the nurses to deliver quality care and that too via following traditional nursing ethics and not hampering the interest of any nursing professional. According to Clara Barton, You must never so much think as whether you like it or not, whether it is bearable or not; you must never think of anything except the need, and how to meet it (Forrester, 2016). This statement of Clara Barton signifies that the nursing profession is not designed to go along the wish of the nurses, her likes or dislikes or preference over the race, cast and gender. Nursing profession is solely inclined towards the sole interest of the patients and his or her well-being, irrespective of the cast, creed and gender. Beliefs, assumptions, and perceptions may affect nursing practice. A nurse may frame a definite idea about a particular patient and may design the nursing care plan accordingly. For example, a woman from a backward class is facing problem because of her early age delivery and I as a nurse is thinking that women from such a backward class is common to suffer from the delivery related complications. I am here framing an assumption that the women from such cultural background are themselves responsible for their current physical state and deserves no quality care. However, a thinking perspective of a nurse must never be directed in such a way. After watching the state of a patient, the first thing, which must come to the mind of a nurse, is how I can recover the patient from her current deteriorating physical condition. Culture reference or her educational background should never be used to judge that patients under any condition. So, the main actions that must be on prior ity is quality care to the patients irrespective of the cultural diversity. Decisional: I believe that the nurses must practice in a culturally competent manner. They must accept the diversity of the people. This will help in the removal of the discrepancies in the healthcare profession. On the other hand, nurse must work hard to induce that the more detailed care to the patients who are belonging from the different race. This will help to get rid of their mental instability and in turn will help them to attain the state of well-being faster. Moreover, initiatives must also be undertaken in order to increase the number of participation of the aboriginal people in Canada in nursing care profession. The Government of Canada is also working towards the encouragement of the active nursing participation among the aboriginal people in Canada via creating Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada (ANAC) (Vukic et al., 2012). This equilibrium or the diversity among the nursing care profession will bring in a harmony of quality care in the nursing profession. Moreover, the aborigi nal people who are mostly endangered from the threats of racial discrimination in nursing care will feel relaxed and comfortable under the nursing care regime of the aboriginal nurses. They will be able to freely discuss and share their thoughts and feelings to them and this is extremely crucial for the people have different mother tongue. I will recommend the future health care to follow the Practical Nursing Program. In my relation to values, I will suggest that a nursing professional must consider a patient as their main person of interest and must bestow their heart and soul for the betterment of their physical and mental health. They must never have a judgmental attitude towards them, being driven by the ethnicity, gender, race, educational and financial background. I as a future health care professional will always try to practice in a culturally competent manner, providing quality care to all my patients. References FitzGerald, C., Hurst, S. (2017). Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review.BMC medical ethics,18(1), 19. Forrester, D. A. (2016). Exemplary Nursing Leadership.Nursing's Greatest Leaders: A History of Activism, 3. Gorrell, G. K. (2013).Heart and soul: The story of Florence Nightingale. Tundra Books. Hoffman, R. L., Chunta, K. (2015). Workplace Incivility: Promoting Zero Tolerance in Nursing.Journal of Radiology Nursing,34(4), 222-227. Vukic, A., Jesty, C., Mathews, S. V., Etowa, J. (2012). Understanding race and racism in nursing: Insights from Aboriginal nurses.ISRN nursing,2012.

Mobile Computing free essay sample

Mobile Computing is the ability to connect to the internet through a variety of wireless computing devices on the go. Mobile computing provides wireless transmission to access data and information from whatever location. Mobile computing consists of three different aspects: mobile hardware, mobile communication technologies, and mobile software. Mobile computing devices include the following: laptop pc’s, tablet pc’s, PDA’s, carputers, smartphones, and other hand held devices. Installed inside of these devices are radio-signals that receive and transmit electronic data. There are different wireless network technologies that are used for mobile computing. Mobile hardware is also known as mobile devices. There is a variety of devices that allows us the convenience of mobile computing. There has been a few ways of mobile computing that has been introduced since the 1990’s. Carputers are normally installed in police cars. They are known as mobile data terminals. PDA or Personal Data assistants, which happen to be one of the devices introduced in the 1990’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile Computing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are personal organizers that, connects to the internet. PDA’s was one of the first mobile computing devices. Smart phones â€Å"have more advanced computing capability and connectivity than the normal cellular phones†. Smart phones include high end phones such as: blackberry, iPhone, htc, and others. Tablets which are bigger than a cellular phone and a PDA have touch screen capabilities. Laptops/notebooks vary in size and can be used for mobile use. Mobile Computing Mobile communication technologies consist of: networks, communication properties, protocols, data formats, and concrete technologies. These wireless networks include LAN, WAN, Wi-Fi, GRPS, and more. LAN refers to local area networking. It connects mobile computing devices within a particular area. WAN refers to wide area networking. It connects devices in a wider area. Wi-Fi is the most commonly used and least expensive way of accessing the internet. Anyone can access the internet through wife as long as, the wireless network is not encrypted. Encrypted meaning, you need a password to access. An alternative to Wi-Fi is cellular broadband. â€Å"Cellular broadband is a type of mobile computing technology that utilizes a cellular modem or air card to connect to cell towers for internet access. There is a Pc card or express card slot located on laptops and notebooks in which the air card fits giving you immediate access to the internet on the go. WI-FI gives wireless connection through a wireless router. GRPS or General Packet Radio Service provides fast internet connection on cell phones. Mobile software deals with requirements and characteristics of mobile applications. The requirements of mobile computing applicat ion, determines the hardware and the environment that is required to support the application. Mobile software consists of two categories: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal application includes software that provides email, web-browsing, word processing, scheduling, etc. on mobile devices. Vertical applications include software made for specific industries. Normally, specific industries such as: retail, law enforcement, medical, shipping, etc. Mobile computing comes along with both benefits and limitations. Mobile Computing There are many benefits of mobile computing. There is no confinement to a certain location. You can instantly connect with anyone, anytime, and anyplace through the internet. Students and professionals can conduct researches whenever. No longer do you have to wait until you get home to access the internet on your desktop. Also, there are a great number of entertainment options such as: games, music, movies, videos, and more. With the benefits there also come limitations. Power consumption can be a problem at times. When mobility is involved there is not a consistent source of power to rely on. Reception in certain areas can be poor; there is a possibility that there will be no signal or internet service. Some locations may not have Wi-Fi. Also, with mobile computing some devices may be smaller than the average home or work computer. Therefore, it could be a problem for some as far as, the keyboard or screens being too small. Mobile computing has become an indispensable way of life. Mobile computing provides wireless transmission to access data and information from whatever location. It can be enabled by a different combination of hardware, software, and communication technologies. There has been a high demand for mobile computing devices in the recent years. The growth in use and purchases has really sky rocketed. In 2011 the use of laptops was at 47%. The use of internet through mobile phones was at 40% and accessing the internet wirelessly was at 59%. Mobile Computing The survey showed that usage was through the use of mobile computing devices. â€Å"Mobile computing devices have enabled users to take immediate decisions and hence boost businesses†. Mobile computing has been a flow of continuous enhancement and innovation which is unprecedented in modern times.

Summary of Dissociative Identity Disorder essays

Summary of Dissociative Identity Disorder essays Dissociative Identity Disorder can be defined as, "a disturbance or alteration in the normally integrative functions of identity, memory, or consciousness" (Dissociative, 1994). In order for one to understand Dissociative Identity Disorder completely, they must first comprehend the concept of dissociation. This is a "mental process which produces a lack of connection in a person's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity" (Dissociative, 1994). When a person experiences a stressful event during their life, their body and mind force them to cope with the event using different defense mechanisms. For the purpose of this paper, the defense mechanism we are concerned with is that of dissociation. Without the aid of utilizing this defense mechanism during the actual occurrence of the trauma, the individual more than likely would not have been able to survive the incident. Problems onset later on in life because when an individual first uses disassociation their primary focus is on surviving the trauma. Once the traumatic experience ends, they have no other way to deal with the distressing experience except through the continued use of the defense mechanism. They were unable to learn the proper and healthy ego defense mechanisms during the course of the distressing incident therefore not allowing them to ever fully cope with their trauma. Later on, throughout the course of their live certain sounds, smells, or sights may trigger this horrific memory causing the individual to regress back to their defense mechanism and disassociate themselves from everything around them. Due to this defense mechanism, they will even forget where they are or who they are. They are literally fleeing or separating themselves from their pain. I decided to discuss the topic of Dissociative Identity Disorder because I find many aspects of this disorder very interesting. I personally feel that I myself may suffer from this disorder as well a...

Determining HRIS Needs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Determining HRIS Needs - Research Paper Example Though the adoption of technology in HR department has exhibited a whole range of advantages in managing firms’ human resource, technological advancement equally poses a wide range of challenges that span ethical, financial as well as legal implications. Technological advancement within the field of HR presupposes higher skills for the staff. Moreover, the staff in the firm wholesomely expects higher levels of accessing data than was the case before adopting the HRIS. This therefore shows that in adoption of these systems, there is a need for proper future planning. There may be some requirements for changes in technology or government regulations in the future, which in the event of unpreparedness may adversely affect the firm. Such planning needs are: need for caution in incorporating the ever-dynamic social media as tools of recruitment. New applications as well as legislations keep showing up hence the need for a better system that would accommodate the dynamics. There is the need to adopt systems that can easily expansion and reporting requirements as stipulated by different legislations and government regulations, as this will always keep changing. Taking caution on the use of hosted approaches through which firms rent services from other service providers or unreliable software. Technological advancement may face out the software in use thus lending the organization helpless. While taking long range planning for these HRIS, an organization should also be aware of the changing trends within the HR practices where records are showing that managers are adopting HR systems through which analysis of individual employee performance can be monitored and evaluated. This will assist in the choice for the most appropriate systems to minimize costs of revising and changing. Finally, long range planning will take into account transparency challenges where the system adopted should ascertain confidentiality of personal information. This is especially important with the technological awareness that is currently exhibited (Johnson and Gueutal, nd, 4-6). HRIS requires periodical analysis. There are the advantages that make the methods more appropriate than others. However, it is worth noting that the methods exhibit major setbacks and can thus not ascertain accurate measurements. Error-some data may result from the drawbacks that are associated with data collection faults associated go these methods. Apart from the limitation of time, both focus group as well as the interview method is limited in costs, human resource requirements and language barrier (U.S. General Accounting Office, 1991, 40-66). On matters of costs, interviews as well as the focus groups require the services of one on one questioning for the purpose of focus groups while the interviews may be over the communication media as well as the one on one interview. These two cases require a lot of funding as compared to other methods as the secondary data. In relation to human re source, the interview method and the focus group methods both require the services of competent personnel. In the instance of poor personnel, the data collected is inaccurate while the reverse is true. On matters of language, it is seen as a critical disadvantage because the two methods of collecting data requires some form of communication; either written or better still the oral communication. In the instance of differences in language, communication would not take place and in the process, no data at all will be collected. From the above analysis, the

Write two pages about history of walmart and reason why you choose Essay

Write two pages about history of walmart and reason why you choose walmart for your project - Essay Example In 1988, Walton left the post of CEO and continued as the chairman of the highest decision making board of the company. After a period of tremendous success, Walton thus began to prepare his potential successors. Walton and Huey have elaborately explained this process of development and consolidation in the book Sam Walton, Made in America: My Story. Anwar has aptly remarked on the next phase of Wal-Mart’s attacking expansionism. According to Anwar, â€Å"Since 1992, Wal-Mart has sought aggressive diversification by acquiring various retailing chains in Mexico, Canada, Germany and the U.K. This change in Wal-Mart’s core competence beyond the U.S. market signifies its future growth and expansion.† (101) In 2005, as per the observation of Matthew and Mark, the company had sales figures around $ 312.4 billion. It employed 1.6 million workers all over the world. It emerged as the largest corporation in the world and stood apart as a highly developed, diversified, and efficient retailing chain. (15-25) Of late, Wal-Mart is striving to become an energy efficient company. It is concentrating on renewable energy, waste management, organic products, and power generation. During the recession of 2008-09, Wal-Mart continued to report solid fiscal figures with significant profits and revenue. Why should Wal-Mart be chosen for the purpose of company analysis? The reason is obvious: It is a great company! First of all, Walton’s struggle and success stories are the ideal ingredients of a legend that depicts how American dream can come true. Apart from the high sales figures and annual turnover of billions of dollars, Wal-Mart has contributed significantly in the realm of corporate social responsibility. During the aftermath of the deadly Hurricane Katrina in the year 2005, Wal-Mart responded rapidly to relieve the affected population. It directed its logistical functionary and

Causes Of The Current Global Food Crisis Politics Essay

Causes Of The Current Global Food Crisis Politics Essay All of these factors have contributed significantly to the current crisis in different ways. The growth of income inequality is something which is frequently highlighted by many globalisation theorists, such as Stiglitz (2002), but is also acknowledged by the UN (2009). This point is also relevant to wider debates on the impact of globalisation, but it essentially means that the rich are getting richer and the poor poorer. In such a situation, those who are wealthier are able to dictate how the economy operates, and as they are frequently situated in areas which are geographically separate from those who are poor, this means that demand for specific luxury foods goes up (Lang 2003). This also means that farmers turn their attention to farming such goods in order to make money, rather than farming crops which would be able to feed the world (McMichael 1998 p.102). The second major issue which we must accept is climate change. This has caused two major effects. The first is that it means that climates are now more unpredictable than they once were and that, as a result, crops are increasingly likely to fail where they would previously have been fine (Weis 2003). The second is that the increasing influence of climate change as a factor has made transportation more expensive as many states have introduced taxes on transport. This is understandable in the wider sense, but means that many poorer nations suffer as they are unable to pay the more expensive costs. The third key factor outlined is high energy prices. This is largely linked in with the point made above concerning the impact of climate change. However, this does also impact on the price of certain fertilisers and pesticides which are frequently used by farmers. The issue of globalisation is also considered a key factor. This is a very wide-ranging subject that cannot be used as a single factor by itself. With the exception of climate change, the impact of globalisation can be said to have affected all of the other issues which we discuss here. Increasing income inequality can be considered a direct result of globalisation, certainly in the manner in which globalisation has been carried out (Stiglitz 2007 p.45). The free market capitalism model ultimately causes all of these factors and this will therefore be expanded upon later. The final factor which is outlined as being the key relates to the increasing issue of urbanisation. Where people live increasingly in urban centres this means that food must travel further, increasing costs, but it also means that people (particularly in poorer areas) are unable to contribute towards farming themselves. In rural areas it is common for people to grow much of their own food or certain types of food and trade this food at markets. However, in the cities this is not possible (Collier 2007 p.68). This therefore places an even greater stress on those farms which are able to supply such areas and means that food becomes increasingly expensive. We can therefore see how all the key factors outlined above contribute to a scenario in which the world is experiencing a global food crisis. However, perhaps the most important aspect of these points outlined is the idea of globalisation and the specific manner in which this has materialised. Globalisation has been led by the global governance institutions which (with the exception of the WTO) are all based in America, and have pushed the idea of free market capitalism as a means of benefiting American corporations. It is this that can be seen as being central to the problem of the global food crisis as it is the influence of this that has caused the key factors that we have seen are responsible for the global food crisis (with the obvious exception of global warming). Stiglitz has argued frequently that the global free market capitalist system, led by multinational corporations and global governance institutions has damaged the power of politics to respond to crises such as the global food crisis (Stiglitz 2002 and 2007). This is epitomised by the declining power of the nation state as a political institution and means that more and more financial interests take present over political interests (Stoker 2006). The result is that the market distributive mechanism has complete power to distribute resources where they can best be profited from, not where they are most needed (Stiglitz 2002). The global food crisis can therefore be seen as an extension of this discourse, whereby food is seen as a commodity to be profited from rather than a necessity of life (Stiglitz 2002). There is therefore a flip side to the food scarcity which occurs in the worlds poorer areas which is that in the worlds richest areas there is too much food. Where this is the case, there is no interest in everyone being fed, or those who are fed being fed well, simply that food is being sold. As a result of this, products such as Big Macs and Coca Cola are sold frequently, resulting in a crisis of obesity in America and Europe. The sustainability and wider impact of these options is considered irrelevant also, with McDonalds famous for its slash and burn tactics and its continued deforestation. There is frequently an emphasis here on the deforestation as a specific issue rather than looking at its wider ramifications. Both Hawkes (2006) and Lang (2004) agree that there is a pressing need for acknowled gement that free market, capitalist-led food production and distribution is ultimately the cause of the global food crisis, with each particular aspect (such as biofuels, food for oil, rising prices and decreasing harvests) being seen as symptoms of the crisis and not causes. We can therefore see that the global food crisis can be seen as resulting from the inherent dynamism of capitalism to turn everything into money and the way in which this has been allowed (by free market globalisation) to take root in the world. This has led to the increasing urbanisation as people look for jobs, which has therefore placed a greater strain on energy prices as food has to travel further. The same dynamism or process has also led to the increasing centrality of fast food to Western diets which has meant that farms in much of the developing world are now focused more on delivering cheap meat and potatoes for export rather than a balanced array of crops. This means that what they need must then be imported, pushing costs up. Fast food is cheap food, which is unhealthy but is highly profitable, and it therefore continues to thrive and cause all of the wider problems in the world. The direct result of this inherent dynamism is that much of what could be produced which woul d be healthy and which would sustain many more people, is not produced, and production instead focuses on meeting the increasing demand of those restaurants which operate globally. Low quality production causes long term damage to the environment, obesity and hunger simultaneously and is ultimately the primary cause of the global food crisis. We can therefore see how the global food crisis has become manifest in the factors which are outlined at the start of the report. The growth in income inequality, the rising prcies of energy, the rising levels of urbanisation and the problems of unpredictability brought about by climate change all mean that food is subject to increasing prices and decreasing availability. This is further compounded by the rise in the West of junk foods and low-quality foods which are produced on farms in the poorer parts of the world. This has therefore created a two tiered global food crisis. The rich are getting fatter and increasingly ill as a result, whilst the poorer parts of the world are becoming increasingly poverty stricken and hungry. This is a direct result of the power of free market capitalism and the distributive mechanisms which this manifests.

Detailing Product Life Cycles Essay

We may conclude that ISO 14001 has significant and direct profit and wealth creation potentials. Companies need effective management accounting systems to monitor all costs and benefits that accrue from the ISO 14001 process. Companies also need to market the consumer and social benefits of ISO 14001 effectively to targeted market segments for which environmental management matters. ISO 14001 and Seasonal Business Union Carbide’s Indian pesticides business, which caused the toxic cloud in Bhopal, was a highly seasonal business, with uncertainties regarding pest outbreaks and cropping patterns. The accident occurred in December, some 100 days after the peak demand for pesticides in that sub-tropical climate, with monsoon-dependant crop acreages. The worldwide tourism business is another example of high seasonal fluctuations in demand. Cyclical downturns are notorious for taking place when full complements of expert staff are not available, as outside normal working hours. Any operation with wide differences between times of peak demand and off-peak times, will inevitably respond by having fewer people available for watch and ward duties, at some times. Environmental Management Systems can never afford to slacken their vigilance, as all dangers and risks are not necessarily related with peak loads. ISO 14001 offers a reliable structure within which systems can operate to adequate standards even during times of low demand. The documentation support of ISO 14001 can prove to be invaluable in containing the emergent implications of any incident. The tourism industry benefits from ISO 14001, not only because of the off-season protection, but simultaneously because of the demand for eco-tourism and out of sustainability concerns for this large service sector. ISO 14001 is especially useful for any enterprise with high seasonality of demand. It helps organizations establish infrastructure that can maintain emergency response and environmental management capabilities at optimal costs during the lean seasons. It also helps companies to plan for peak demand in terms of environmental loads. These advantages are over and above the other benefits of the system that apply to all registrants. ISO 14001 and Building Projects The project nature of civil construction, and its high involvement with third party contractors, places a special challenge for ISO 14001. The growing demand for ‘green buildings. ’ is a special opportunity for the system. ISO is very well suited for the construction industry, and can help it meet new demands for sustainability. Much of the most lasting harm to the environment from modern industry arises from the materials, processes and designs of buildings and related civil structures. Asbestos abatement has been the focus of many environmental management standards of the building industry during the recent past. Asbestos exposure has occurred 3-4 decades earlier. This is a powerful reminder of the need for LCA in civil construction. The entire ISO 14001 system has a host of similar benefits for all stakeholders in the building industry. Architecture and ISO 14001 share a common emphasis on the design phase of projects, to avoid problems arising out of implementation. Hence, professionals in the construction business are especially amenable to the spirit of ISO 14001. The system has much to contribute by way of reducing material wastage in construction, and in reducing energy loads of actual use of buildings. ISO 14001 is eminently suited to meet the certification standards of the Green Building Council, and the specifications for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) status. ISO 14001 has additional benefits with respect to protecting investors from a legal point of view in real estate transactions. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), accompanies a number of state and local regulations that have major environmental implications. Any business in the construction or real estate business can benefit from ISO 14001, as they will have a sound system to choose projects with which they can be involved. They can also plan for full legal compliance as new laws take effect. ISO 14001 has powerful marketing potential for real estate developers. Investors and people on the market for buying homes would be inevitably attracted to projects that have sound environmental management systems in place. Buildings, neighborhoods and cities that make minimal imprints on the environment, that have track records of continual improvement and that make invaluable savings in maintenance resources, will always appreciate and attract communities. ISO 14001 has the potential to become mandatory for new real estate projects, particularly for ones in places that are rich in natural resources. ISO 14001 and Equator Principles Banks that subscribed to the Equator Principles have often found themselves in difficult situations, having to assess the environmental impacts of projects that for which they consider financing. Conflicting views from various stakeholders can be difficult for lenders to reconcile, as many aspects of the matter require local expertise and technological appreciation. ISO 14001 offers a solution for such matters, since it calls for a transparent and systematic assessment of chosen aspects, with a structured audit and review process. The Equator Principles could extend towards fields of transnational endeavor other than funding, and ISO 14001 can be a reliable and universal bridge for assessment and continual evaluation. The next decades will see a spurt in funded development projects in large tracts of the world. There is enormous pressure for large projects designed to bring succor to rural and urban communities. Funding will be mostly across geographical boundaries as capital resources are centered with countries other than the ones with the physical features for development. Investors and sources of public funds everywhere will face questions about environmental management, as they peruse candidate projects from distant locations. ISO 14001 is a good solution in these circumstances, for it provides a neutral and universal format in which all developers and governments can plan to manage the environmental impacts of the new projects that they conceive. International bodies can respond to social activists who claim that most development projects cause environmental harm, by asking project owners to use the transparency and accountability of the ISO 14000 series. SME Experience with ISO 14001 The vast majority of enterprises in most countries belong to the small and medium categories. ISO 14001 cannot be the force that it should, unless the system proves to be valid, useful and feasible for such organizations. A superficial look at ISO 14001 could lead most observers to conclude that it is too involved and expensive for any but the largest of corporations to afford. However, the reality is that ISO 14001 lends itself to adoption by even small and medium enterprises. An on-line survey of small and medium enterprises (those with fewer than 100 employees) with ISO 14001, displays pleasantly surprising results (International Organization for Standardization, 2005). Pressures to comply with environmental regulations, demands from corporate customers that are higher up in the supply chain and lucrative opportunities in foreign markets, are the three most important stimulants for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to seek the business advantages of ISO 14001. Many SMEs lose out because they do not seek ISO 14001 certifications, either out of ignorance, or because of wrong impressions they hold of the resources required. There is a clear need to make the system’s benefits more widely known and more accurately appreciated. Many SME owners incorrectly believe that pollution is an exclusive preserve of large corporations! The significant negative contributions of SMEs to environmental management are often ignored, especially if units are scattered and relatively isolated. Many SMEs stay away from ISO 14001 as they are not aware of government and institutional support available for them to secure certification within their means. Some consultants confound the issue by outlying more paperwork and bureaucracy than is necessary for the sizes of some potential clients. SMEs also have the choice to build their EMSs on alternative systems that compete with ISO 14001. It would appear overall that ISO 14001 has a great deal of unused potential with respect to EMSs for SMEs. This is a marketing challenge for country organizations of the ISO body. SMEs can be very wasteful of material and energy, albeit on a relatively small scale. They may not be immediately aware of wastes they generate, but this has a cumulative effect that has to be addressed at some stage. Pest Control Operators and Applicators are classic examples of small enterprises that deal with highly toxic chemicals. The latter can affect wide areas and large communities. All SMEs everywhere can use ISO 14001 to fight competition from better resourced corporations, by using effective EMSs. The move to terminate enterprises that have no controls on the pollution they cause and the hazards inherent in their operations, is current already. Growth is a natural evolution even for SMEs. ISO 14001, apart from protecting business interests as described above, also has the power to afford rapid growth for SMEs. The Internet enables local companies to achieve global reach. ISO 14001 can help them match their new found logistical strengths with EMSs that work. Any SME with growth ambitions has to use ISO 14001 as essential infrastructure for its future plans. Summary of Benefits of Environmental Management Systems Environmental management standards help companies to build their transactions across territorial boundaries. It is likely to become a sort of pre-requisite for global corporations. Emerging economies must develop expertise in environmental management to fight non-tariff barriers to markets in advanced economies. It is an integral part of the branding process. Environmental management systems help companies and organizations respond to important concerns of their main stakeholders. It is therefore a matter of priority for most entities in the conventional world. Companies from all sectors of the economy have become aware of the pressing need to conserve precious natural resources (Case Studies, 2002). ISO 14001 has enabled companies such as Apple stay abreast of changing regulation on environmental matters. The company was able to eliminate lead from batteries, and later to substitute Nickel-Cadmium batteries in line with European Union directives. These are concrete examples of how ISO 14001 helps companies stay in business by conforming in time to new and higher environmental protection standards. Apple’s switch to lithium ion batteries is an example of how ISO 14001 can squeeze additional ingenuity out of the industrial sector. Progressive companies such as Apple Computers buy products and services from companies that demonstrate effective commitment to environmental conservation (Case Studies, 2002). Supply chain considerations make ISO 14001 essential for the suppliers of major corporations. The proponents of ISO 14001 started by show-casing the benefits of the discipline in terms of the ethics of environmental concerns. The world has moved on since then, and ISO 14001 is no longer an option chosen by those with surplus cash. ISO 14001 has become a vital visa that provides contemporary corporations with the rights to continue business in the 21st century. The days of firms that do not meet ISO 14001 standards, are numbered. Savings in energy bills provide financial succor to firms that invest in reducing power consumption. This is a good example of the meeting point between the financial and non-financial advantages of environmental management systems. ISO 14001 is voluntary and flexible. It does not enforce any external standards. Companies can tailor their individual EMSs to the nature of their enterprise, and to the levels of expertise they have achieved in environmental management. It is a stable framework for the conduct of modern business that will appeal to professionals, and it is an effective way of extracting new efficiencies out of matured business processes. What Is It? The International Standards Organization, with its impressive name, has given ISO 14000 impressive credentials. The success of the ISO 9000 series in promoting quality consciousness has created high expectations in terms of the 14000 series enjoying similar success on the environmental front. However, many people are still not aware of the precise nature and scope of ISO 14000. The ISO 14000 series started in 1991: the first standards were published in 1996. It is therefore less well known and understood than the 9000 series which have been used for longer. The ISO 14000 series helps organizations meet environmental issues (Hanson, A. J. not dated). It is a documentation system that sets out objectives with priorities, divides responsibilities amongst a team, and provides for independent audit. It is important to bear in mind that ISO 14000 is not a single system, but rather a series of international standards (Environmental Management Guide 2004). ISO 14001 helps organizations to implement EMS, to ensure conformance to standards, to ensure compliance with relevant regulation and to seek independent certification (Environmental Management Guide 2004). Any organization that uses ISO 14001 disciplines will be better equipped to deal with the challenges of environmental management. ISO 14001 is one unit of the ISO 14000 series. ISO 14000 is a voluntary system-business houses and organization have rights to decide on whether or not they would like to invest in it. It has a pervasive influence, and calls for serious commitment of time and money. The decision to use ISO 14000 is therefore strategic by nature. Though community and key customer pressures can often be motivating factors, some organizations opt for ISO certification out of genuine concern for the environment. ISO 14000 recognizes environmental conservation as an integral part of organizational process, on par with more traditional functions such as Finance, Personnel and so on. The system must integrate with the total company organization and structure, if it is to yield meaningful and lasting benefits. Most companies start their ISO 14000 experiences with the help of experienced consultants, but that does not preclude deployment of significant human resources from an organization’s own pool. ISO 14000 has three major sections: life cycle analysis, environmental performance evaluation and labeling (Hanson, A. J. not dated). ISO 14001 in the series is concerned with environmental management systems. Organizations should plan to deploy the full ISO 14000 series over time, though they may start with ISO 14001 for reasons of resource constraints, to obtain the benefits of focus, and to give time to their employees to adjust to the new way of working. The ISO 14000 series is a guide that almost every organization can adapt to its specific needs. The system is very flexible in terms of fitting in to various sets of circumstances. Companies that work for profit have used ISO 14000 more widely than social organizations and government bodies. Firms from diverse segments of industry and even the services have all used ISO 14000 with equally remarkable success. However, the ISO system is not a packaged solution by itself. It is up to each registrant to use the system to its advantage. ISO promotes a new culture of professionalism. The documentation and procedures that the system enjoins on its followers, enforces a systematic approach to issues. It also promotes transparency, and ensures that organizations can respond in uniform manner, with low dependence on individual whims. It is especially useful to deal with emergent situations, and in ones in which a large number of variables require simultaneous consideration. Employees of an ISO 14000 certified organization display new confidence about their responsibilities and can do a more complete job of conserving the environment. ISO 14001 is a new template for modern business. It acknowledges the ubiquitous role of the environment in our lives, and provides paths to sustainable compromises that technology and conventional issues can negotiate with our natural surroundings. The ISO 14000 series can give a new lease of life to a business that is under attack because of the hazards and toxicity that it entails. It can help a small business rival a large corporation in terms of professional standards. It can help organizations perform uniformly across geographical and cultural boundaries. ISO 14000 is truly the way of the 21st century. There are concrete profits to be earned from the ISO 14000 series. The system is relentless in searching for ways to reduce consumption per unit of output, and ways to reuse or recycle waste and by products. Certification brings access to new markets and strengthens a company’s competitive position. There are therefore classic business reasons for using the ISO 14000 system. Environmental Labeling and ISO 14000 Some manufacturers have used the absence of regulations to prepare labels with unsubstantiated ecological claims on labels (Hanson, A. J. not dated). Consumers who would like to support manufacturers of environmentally sound products are hampered by the proliferation of labels that make vague and even incorrect claims about environmental impacts. Environmental labeling under the ISO 14000 series, corrects this anomaly. This is an important reason for business houses to support ISO 14000. The world is on a move towards the regulation of labeling standards, and companies that do not follow ISO 14000 may soon find themselves excluded from key markets. Three levels of labeling standards are available for manufacturers who would like to use the ISO 14000 system for their products. Most consumers are accustomed to Type 1 Environmental Labels. The latter provide criteria against which each covered product is measured. Canada and Germany have adopted these standards. Type II labels will use uniform terms and definitions: standards and details will be available in due course. Type III labels seek to provide information along a set of pre-determined criteria. Such labels are already in use for some nutritional products. Environmental labeling predisposes companies to resort to Life Cycle Analysis. The number of products with environmentally sound labels has grown exponentially since the 1990s (Hanson, A. J. not dated). There were less than 25 such products in the United States in 1989. The number grew to 600 by 1990. It is now a business that exceeds $10 billion. The stage is set for economies in all countries to move over to products and services that can make valid claims about environmental management on their labels. The ISO 14000 deals with environmental management on the basis of the following main principles (Hanson, A. J. not dated): â€Å"Labeling should be accurate, verifiable, relevant and should be non-deceptive. †¢ The party that makes the label should make relevant information about the attributes available to purchasers †¢ Labeling should be based on comprehensive scientific methods that are reproducible †¢ Information on the process and methodologies should be available to all interested parties †¢ Labeling should incorporate where appropriate the life cycle of the product or service †¢ Administrative requirements should not make participation difficult †¢ Labels should not create unfair trade restrictions †¢ Labeling should not inhibit innovation that may improve environmental performance. †¢ Labeling criteria should be developed by consensus† Environment labeling programs are democratic in nature. Producers can decide to comply of their own volition. Any manufacturer can decide to use the system, regardless of nature, size and location. It therefore gives an opportunity for new industrial entities to seek competitive advantage against entrenched brands. The greater interests of consumers always have over-riding priority. There are four methods available for verification of claims made on environmental labels. These are: â€Å"Declaration of conformity: the manufacturer self-declares conformance †¢ Review of supporting documentation: the practitioner requires the applicant to provide documentary evidence of conformity †¢ Evaluation of conformity with manufacturing phase requirements: where the production phase is evaluated †¢ Product testing: samples of the product are tested (Hanson, A. J. not dated). Companies have to establish monitoring systems to ensure on-going compliance once their label claims have been verified. Environmental labeling is an important development in terms of improving environmental accountability of modern business. It is an integral part of the ISO 14000 process. It is also in the best interests of companies as it costs less than invasive regulation. Since awareness about environmental matters is growing, environmental labeling can improve market share. Products with comprehensive information about environmental impacts on their labels will perform better in highly competitive situations. There is the analogy of air emissions as a buying benefit in the case of automobiles. Clothing made from organic fiber, food free of harmful residues, cosmetics that do not use animal testing, durables that consumers can return to manufacturers for recycling and instructions on how to use dangerous products without causing harm, are all live examples of some of the most successful branding that has been achieved through environmental labeling. This portion of the ISO 14000 package is instrumental in building unbreakable bonds between brand owners and customers, and in improving customer satisfaction. It is therefore a pivotal strategy for profitable and sustainable business growth. ISO 14001 for International Corporations Since environmental standards and concern vary by country, international corporations face dilemmas with respect to environmental management systems. Most of these companies are headquartered and controlled in the first world, though their products, services and operations cover far corners of the globe. Such companies used to follow territory-specific environmental management systems in the past. This has some technical validity, as natural resources, climate and social habits can place such different demands on business. However, social activists have begun to question the ethics of double standards. International companies have become accountable for following uniform policies and standards wherever they may operate. This can be quite confusing as regulatory requirements are not uniform throughout the world. ISO 14001 offers a path out of these contradictions. Group Managements can influence policy statements and control systems, leaving affiliates and subsidiaries to identify aspects, programs and specifications. Audits and reviews provide a uniform basis for transnational comparisons. Certification is a strong defense against unsubstantiated attacks by social activists. Overall, ISO 14001 offers value to organizations that need to harmonize international and local components of environmental management systems. The portability of human resources is a key consideration for international companies. Assignments and transfers to new locations are established means of career development. New perspectives of individuals from exotic markets, often inject new dynamism in to stagnating business sectors. Periodic changes in fitment for key positions ensure transparency and integrity of linkages between companies and its independent suppliers and contractors. There are therefore a host of reasons for international companies to move personnel between countries, markets and sectors. However, continuity of important business processes becomes a concern, as new people occupy crucial positions at various points of the organization. The accumulated learning of an individual, as well as the rationale for pivotal decisions, has to be available for a new incumbent. The environmental aspects of management situations can be too important and irreversible in nature for companies to depend on word-of-mouth spread between colleagues about the reasons for how operations are conducted. Casual or experimental changes in processes based on theoretical concepts, or based on notions from irrelevant past experience, can be devastating in environmental terms. The ISO 14001 system plays a most helpful role in such matters. Versions of the manual built up over time serve as invaluable references in managing the evolution of all business processes. Records of management reviews lend authenticity to how things are done in each function and location. Since ISO 14001 is an on-going process, it also allows adequate scope for new incumbents in local organizations to express themselves fully, and to expound their ideas for business improvement. The ISO 14000 series is therefore an enabling network for large and inter-changeable teams of professionals to work in a seamless way. Environmental concerns are important for modern branding and new product development processes. Though branding and new product development should be globally uniform for the best returns on investment, environmental aspects can vary across countries, and even within segments of domestic markets. There can therefore be an inherent conflict between marketing and environmental concerns. The ISO 14001 system offers a way to resolve such conflicts. The policy statement serves to establish universal ground rules within which innovation can be encouraged. The choice of environmental aspects that are chosen for address in individual countries can be adapted to meet local requirements. ISO 14001 helps to define the boundaries between local and global environmental management concerns related to brands and new product development. Group managements of international corporations have to make choices between territories and industrial sectors for resource allocation, especially in terms of financial deployment. Since most projects have long gestation periods, and may involve very substantial commitments, managers at one central location can always have difficulties in making choices between alternatives at more than one remote location. Local environmental concerns tend to be in flux and there are often crucial differences between the regulatory conditions related to environmental management systems of various countries. Group managements may have to take important decisions in the face of incomplete and uncertain background information. Countries with less transparent and elaborate environmental regulations may either fall by the wayside in investment choices, or at the other extreme, attract funds for new projects without due consideration for the risks involved. ISO 14001 makes it possible to compare opportunities and threats across nations in a fair and even way. Records of progressive audits provide a firm and equal basis to take decisions on the future of operations in various territories. This is apart from serving as a common platform for the evaluation of business performance. Social activism tends to concentrate on large international corporations. Environmental degradation due to poverty, ignorance and by SMEs is often overlooked by non-governmental organizations. Such attacks can occupy limited management time and lead to intractable and unproductive negotiations. An ISO 14001 certification is an effective safeguard in such circumstances. It provides a harmonious platform for divergent views to be addressed, and a participatory format for conflict resolution. Records of management reviews can form crucial evidence in defense of executive action and environmental responsibility. The advantages of the ISO 14000 system for large international corporations are so obvious and pervasive, that one can conclude that all such organizations do have EMSs in place, though they may not always seek certification. It is difficult to conceive of a body conducting business in a sustained way across the globe without any systems for environmental management. The external audit and public scrutiny of the ISO 14000 series is what most management teams would want to avoid. It is possible to conclude that most if not all large international corporations follow ISO 14000 systems in some form, though they may not find it expedient to join the organization in a formal sense. ISO 14001 in Mergers and Acquisitions. Differences in environmental management systems can confound and delay mergers and acquisitions. Potential buyers may be put off by uncertainties about product liability. Due diligence can be affected by paucity of documentation, and by contradictory verbal feedback from employees and other stakeholders. The entire ISO 14000 series is a way out of such problems. ISO processes serve to assure all parties about the integrity of environmental impact assessments, while successive editions of the manual and audit reports put achievements and progress in valid and measured perspectives. Companies that follow ISO 14001 will find it relatively easy to continue business normally very soon after a merger or an acquisition. There could be major disruptions or unpleasant surprises if an inter-corporate transaction involves an unregistered entity. ISO 14001 also protects minority and dissenting interests in mergers and acquisitions. Stock market regulators are well advised to insist on ISO registration as a pre-condition to equity restructuring. The case of batteries illustrates how tangential product components can have significant impact on the core strategies of a business. Computers use batteries inevitably, but the technology of their production lies outside the domain of electronics and software. However, ecological concerns about the use of heavy metals such as lead, nickel and cadmium in batteries, and the relatively high rate of product obsolescence in computers, has forced companies in this field to acquire expertise in technologies such as that of lithium ions, and to find sources for commercial supplies of ecologically sound batteries. Computer companies have also to divert major resources to recycling programs that are integral to their products, but the matter of batteries illustrates the inter-related complications that can be part of doing business in the 21st century. This aspect gives Life Cycle Analysis great value, as it is a systematic way to cover all known environmental impacts that arise as a result of any enterprise. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) seeks to cover all sources of burdens on the environment that the production of a product may entail (Hanson, A.J. not dated). The system covers the consumption of all materials, use of energy in all forms, production processes, supply chains, logistics, waste disposal and recycling. LCA adopts an integrated approach to environmental management, and it works in four stages. Initiation, inventory analysis, impact analysis and interpretation are the four stages of LCA. Interpretation is also called improvement analysis. LCA is a vital part of the ISO 14000 system, and it has universal application for all fields of human endeavor. LCA has most utility when designing new products, but the technique can also be used to reduce the environmental burden of an existing product. Substitutes may compete on the basis of LCA facts, as is the case of disposable diapers versus washable ones. Such comparisons engage healthy debate and help to build indelible opinions about environmental conservation. LCA is integrative and holistic in its approach to environmental concerns. It is especially useful in uncovering hidden risks and costs that may associate in covert manner with some products and services. LCA proceeds in a step-wise manner, toting up the material and energy requirements of each component of a production process, and then presenting a total picture of the environmental impact of each product or service that is covered. LCA considers waste generations and impacts on air and water at each stage of procurement and production. It also considers distribution and actual use. The ISO 14001 process cannot be complete without full LCA. The Canadian Standards Association has stated LCA benefits in the follo.